| Model | Fixed | Random | Prob. |
| Book Value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.928 |
| Abnormal Earnings | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.414 |
| Size | 0.132 | 0.188 | 0.004 |
| Voluntary Disclosure | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.092 |
| χ2 Statistics | Prob > chi2 | Final Result | |
| Final Result | 15.684 | 0.003 | Fixed Effects |